Post-classical+Unit


 * Post-classical Unit notes**

[]
 * 5 pillars of Islam**

The five pillars of Islam go through the stages of stating the belife and fear of god, and purifying ones self either through parayer or pilgramage. This all comes down to the cycle of rebirth. Those of the islamic faith take this to heart daily strict rituals that are followed percisely. This even goes to the extent of using public athourity to enfocre this. All these rituals go on to sum up that there is only one true god which is what the last prophet Mohammad came to sumerize therefore also haveing him recognized as the messenger of god throughout these prayers of the five pillars.

-paper(china) -printing, explosives (middle east) -mathmatics -diseases -(all eventualy spread westward)
 * The world map changes**
 * Changes from 500-145, create to political boundries but spread of major religions
 * Through trade does the trading of religion generate form by merchants
 * Many religions expanded more through the fall of classical empires, some of which have forced conversion, now with them fallen leaves the people free to choose their own belifs. Dominant religions frame work such as this still exist in parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa today.
 * International trade by sea
 * Triggers for Change**
 * Decline of great empires
 * Colapse of established boundries
 * Better makings of ships and navigational systems (compase)
 * New maps encoraging further travle
 * Further workings in banking and comercial practices (long distance credit arangments)
 * The big changes**
 * **Key:** religieion and culture
 * Religious mutal intolerance
 * New loyalties to compete with other values (still goes on today)
 * Power of Islam
 * Religous devotion and communities increase
 * Trade network between Asia, Africa, and Europe
 * Trade= spread of technology
 * Continuity**
 * The revision of new and old structures
 * New interactions
 * Blending of traditional forms
 * No systematic changes in social of politicla structures
 * America, Pacific Ocenia not part of systems shaped by religion-no outside contact

The Arribian country was known for its terrible inhabited condittions which therefore made it very shockinbg that it was part on one of the main starting points for the move of islam throughout the world. Big changes began happaneing that had nothing to do with polotics but religion. The people were at a loss with their barbaric situation so religion was the thing to turn to, and with the new declines of Past empires giving people a chance to convert into their own religious mutual intolerance and loyalties completed the country. With the increase in devotiion and other comunities there fundemental trading units expanded wich in turn helped the trading of Islam spreading the word of true value.
 * Summary**

**-**shaykhs, free warriors, slave families ( usually people from defeated rivalry clans) **-**had more freedom and rights of higher status -could marry to multiple men -still not seen as equal: could not gain glory of warriors
 * Arrabia before Muhhamad Espirit**
 * E || * Several trading towns due to the red sea
 * Transcontinental trading systems
 * Trade decent through the mother ||
 * S || * Camel nomad tribes and clans (dominant)
 * Bedouin herders lived within kin-related clan groups
 * Clans-large tribal groupings rarely congregated
 * Loyalty to family and clan a big importance
 * ** Social Pyramid **
 * ** Women **
 * “Drudge labors” ||
 * P || * Shayks- council leaders of clans (consisted of men with large herds, wives, and children)
 * Regional kingdoms from different times ||
 * I || * Bedouin (nomads) culture (animal herding) ||
 * R || * Ka’ ba- revered religious shrine
 * Worshiping of gods (Allah)]
 * Little to do with ethics
 * Sacrifices made to the gods
 * Oracles ||
 * I || * Poetry (transmitted orally)
 * Poem narrations of heroes and great deeds done to highlight clan
 * Poets= magical power?
 * Poems describing vision of life, society,love, passion,war ||
 * T || * Highly under developed so only basic tools such as arrows(things for war) and farming (based on interpreted readings) ||

Islam movie notes ** Islam Empire of Faith ** · Kneeling twords the sun continuing up and down · The history of islalm is hidden due to fear · Cultures across the world has been inspired by the makings of islam Muhamad- prophet · Born around 570ce -632 ce   · born in the times of tribal war · lived with the Bedouin within the desert · parents died at the age of 6 raised by his uncle · outsider · a child of everybody · merchant · married at the age of 25 (she was a form of mentor) · intelligent and open-minded giving him the ways of bringing peace within people · called the trusted one · an angel was said to come to him in the mountain of Mecca asking him to recite the prayer (disturbing yet moving) · Was sent to display the message that there is only one god and that the things that bound you to the world was meaningless (one god one people-social justice)…. Said to explain the reason of great spread · Connected Bedouin tribes Muslims Ø those who give them selves to god and spread the message of Muhammad of the karahn ( In Arabic) · the karahn explained the unitance of earth and paradise · it is difficult to describe god that is why the Karahn hides the earthen bindings of who he was because you could never represent him · No idealism either within pictures of in the people · Created an empire greater than Rome · Did not rule with a heavy hand creating those who were brought upon the religion a more liking for the servings of the karahn in hopes of stability from past regimes · 2 faiths unite (Christianity and Muslims) Poets · most important people of the tribe linking them to their ancestors Warfare · Muhammad new how to use the works of a bow and arrow · tribal protection of people and grazing lands (resources, water) Gods · each tribe had their own gods · worship of spirits mostly nature wise · -**ka’ba** · Abraham built the ka’ba · Ka’ba place of peace sacred enclosure · Place of trading · Mixture of cultures within the trading areas · People have feared the thought of the after life creating it hard for anyone to believe in the words of Muhammad · Muhammad describe the last days which was known as a threat to those within the tribes Oppresers · Trying of removing Muhammad in order to bring upon his death · Creators of tribal warfare in hopes of removing Muhammad and turning those who follow him against him · Strike upon the death of Muhammad’s uncle (619) and wife in the times of vulnerability New tribe · The people bound together by religion · Leaving of homes and tribes creating the ultimate test · Their journey called the hidra(?) · Medina the community of the prophet The First mosque · Within Muhammad’s house · Praying together creates the sense of combining and unity · Pray towards Mecca War · Muslim preparations of 3013 men · Out numbered by the oppressors · Muslims facing their own people (family) · The guidance of gods way was watching them throughout the 3 year bloody battle · Peoples of the desert unite with Muhammad turning the tides of the fight · VICTORY!!!!!!!!!! · 10,000 more unite the people and Muhammad After war · combining of the Meccan’s with Muhammad’s society · destroyed the ideals of the Mecca tribe (symbolic) · the makings of anew

Summary: Muhammad was just an average man who had gone through many trials and tragedies at an early age of his life. He was known for his trust worthy attitude and intelligent knowledge. It wasn’t until he was visited by an angle at the side of the Mecca Mountain and made to recite the words of the Karahn was he seen as a prophet. Of course to many this was new and scary to many of the people of Arabia creating him as a threat that must be destroyed. However with the removing of his tribe, and the combining’s of his people through the word of religion he was able to destroy his enemies and create an empire which spread through out.

** Q/A pages 136-140 **

After the death of Muhammad the people of Islam were in need for a new leader, and when military commanders began going on expeditions beyond the peninsula and campaigning there growth spread which within its self aided to many conquests in Mesopotamia, Persia, and Africa.
 * 1) How did the death of Muhammad lead to the Expansion of Islam?

2. What were the motivations for Islamic conquest?  · To prove dominance to past oppressing forces  · The unity which provided them with common cause and strength  · The release of pent up energy within the tribes  · The promise of a share from the booty of raided areas such as money and farmland  · The chance to glorify their new religion

3.How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries?  · The courage,  · military prowess  · Religious zeal  · Weakened empire borders <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Ridda wars <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · New unitance of tribes <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Support of cdhristianinty

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">4.What caused the major division in Islam?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">The decision of who would become Muhammad’s successor
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">In the time of Muhammad’s death many tribes had converted to a new faith seeing as their was no true leader

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">5.What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads? <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Went to asia, africa, India <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · created conficts within the Budahism religion

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">6.How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads? <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Also called dhimmi <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Stretched to accommodate the majority groups within these areas of the empire <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Had to pay the Jizay and both commercial and property taxes <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Were able to worship as they pleased <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · tolerated

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">7.Explain gender structures under the Umayyads <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Shifts in the position of women who were now forced into seclusion and submission <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Denonce on adultery of husbands and wives <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.75in; tabstops: list .75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Woman could not take more than the husbands which is completely different then in the ways of Muhammad for he spread the ways of equality between men and women

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">8.What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Addiction to luxury and soft living
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Alienation of the Muslim faith
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Warriors angered for the no share in booty from wars they had won
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">A revolt that spread over the eastern n portions of the empire
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Chalanges of Umayyad’s armies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Converts of Islam
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Conquest of capital form Battle of the River Zab
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Slaughtered at reconsilation banquet by al-Abbas


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">E || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Expansion of professional classes (ex: doctors, scholars, etc…)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Entrepreneurs supply fortunes to cities and other essentials
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Caravan trade with China
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Financial drain due to al-Mahdi abandoning Frugal way and lavishing himself in luxury and possessions
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dwindling revenues by late 9th century

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-drained treasury * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">New spiraling taxation lead to destruction or abandoning of provinces of the Empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Agricultural production fall
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wider connections among Asia, Africa, and Europe, with Middle East as a hub. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">S || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Women

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-made to wear harems and veils <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-containment to the home <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-marriages at puberty (9) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-combined together with advisories to advance the backing of succession to the throne
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">concubine slaves also brought into seclusion

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Could gain power by bearing healthy songs * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Demand for female and male slaves mostly urban domestic slaves
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Slaves captured and sold in non Muslim regions
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Some of the best educators were slaves due to the better price for selling ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Shi’a participation sought jut to correct Abbasid regime and destroy the dynasty
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Makings of independent kingdoms
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Al-Mahadi-caliph experiences political diversions that are apparent within the decline
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Shi’a revolts and assassination attempts against Abbasid officials
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Problems of sucession

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Harun al-Rashid takes over (son of al-Mahadi age 23) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-same luxury problems of his father <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-dynastic weakness appears <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Dependant on Persian advisors due to his succession within the court * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Growth pf royal advisory power taking over caliphs

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-power struggles within the court * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4000 slave bodyguards for new caliph al-Ma’mun with 70,00 new mercenary forces

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-mercenaries force violent social unrest * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rival successor states

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-New nomadic threat-Mongols smash Turko-Persian Kingdoms <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Baghdad never recovered form Mongol attacks ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Buyids invaded Abbasid and captured Baghdad

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Controlled caliph and court * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">New invaders Seljuk-Turks

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Purged Shi’a officials * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Christian crusaders (western Europe) fight for portion of Islamic world

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-1st assort: success <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Muslim and Jewish inhabitants massacred * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Building of 8 crusades leader Saladin, after death Muslims re-conquered
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Expansion of Christian warriors (war?)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Harun al-Rashid’s death causes 1 of 7 full scale civil wars over succession ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sufis-Muslim holy men, responsible from most conversions to Islam
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mysticism
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ulama
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Religious Vitality enters Sufist movement (wondering mystics)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Preachings pf Allah <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Healers <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Bodily denial to find Allah pf drugs, and meditation ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Muslim Influence

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Games (chess) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Ballads <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Food, such as dates, coffees, and yogurt
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Persian replaces Arabic written language
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exchange pf curtsies of history, poetics, and mystical revelations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Writers surpass the Khayyam

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- epic poem shah-Nama displaying the history of Persia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Musical accompaniment (by fidawis) * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mosques architecture glorify Islamic culture
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Muslims and Jewish scholars bring back the writings, medicine, algebra, geometry, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics transferring them into Arabic language, spreading it throughout empires along with works of other famous authors
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Islamic civilizations out strip all other scientific discoveries with the combining of maths

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Creation of objective experiments (chem) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Building of fortifications
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Damascene swords prized and copied by Europe
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Indian numerical system
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dhow-small shipping vessels made along the Nile
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lateen sails-triangular to aid swift movements
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creation of astronomical maps of stars
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Machines

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-paper makings <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-silk weaving <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-ceramic firing ||

- Savahna country of Mansa Mosa -facinated muslim observeers in Cairo, Damascus, and Fez -Founded by Malinke people -Acess to gold and control route helps rise -Powerful army -Extention to Islamic world -city sates wilth merchant communities ( West and East Africa) -lineage division -settled disputes -maintained stability -basicaly was the police - sacrifices -dancing, rituals -Ancestors conection with gods -Iorn working -local and reginol trade (helped market life0
 * Africa Notes**
 * **Mali**
 * Diversity remained within the countries of each islamic surge
 * Islamization links Africa to the outside world of trade, religion, and polotics
 * Sate building
 * New centers of civilization and political power arose (geographic diffusion?)
 * Africa in a form of isolation before Islamic movement
 * African societies**
 * **Differneces-**Geography, language, religion, politcs, helps political lack of continuity
 * Universal states nor universal religions carachterized history
 * Stateless Societies**
 * control through hierchy
 * state-less socities focused on kinship lacking political and authority atributes
 * Authority and power given to families and comunity (true democracy)
 * motax to support authourity figures
 * Gov.=" full time occupation"
 * **Secret socities controled custums and belifes**
 * Common Elements**
 * **similarities in language (bantu)**
 * belife in spirits, gods, witchcraft
 * class diviners (priest)
 * creator diety-power through spirits, lesser gods
 * Ancestors ( 'Ownership' of the lamd)
 * Religion, economics, history closley intertwined
 * Economics
 * population increase