Western+Europe

The Western Europe

-Christian churches of the 15th century help evict Muslims from the region and into Spain
 * Impact on Christianity**
 * Christian churches become highways to information on belifes and attitudes
 * The church becomes the most influential force in Medevial Europe
 * Use of Christianity for political gain of the people and trading parties-also helped the effects of followed principles if by a "divinely" appointed king
 * Frank Visigoth and Lombards consolidate power in their conversion

Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids

WHy -traveled by sea due to warm conditions -Scandinavians not objected to pilgrimaging - Over population which only farming could not suppourt Targets -Frankish empire and Angol-saxson lands - Mercenaries -Slaves Start -Ports along Norse Raiding -unprotected costal lands of Britain and Northern Europe -Raids do not end until the force of conversion to Christianity
 * Viking raids

Charles Martel Founder of Carolingian Empire which helped expand Frankish Empire First Frankish leader to assert power Helped expand Frankish power eastward converting Germanic tribes Grandfather to Charlemange great European ruler created stirupus that help hold up swords Structured armies and artillery in Mediaeval Europe

=^ v=

Rise of Frank Empire -Defeat Muslim Armies leaving them control over Fancia -Saved Europe from Islam domination Military Excellence -Created first permanent army -stirupus Geo-Politics -expansion building off existing powers -largest threats of time in the movings of conversion Politics -No heavy taxation against new subjects -Autonomy for new subjects Centralization -Splitting of personal treasures equally to childr -Division of region by heirs help decline Leadership -Capable leaders in Clovis, Martel, and Charlemange

-Feudal lords rule over peasants
 * Feudalism**
 * - Military,economic, and social where grants (land) are made to federal lords in exchange for military aid and taxes**
 * -** Land seperasation based on rankings in social class

-Creation of nation-states -Christianity still dominant-allegiance to papal authority -Christian crusades within Asia expanding in trade and the use of islamic maths and sciences being incorporated throughout Europe -Increase in population -Promise of glory and salvation -Power of religion transcends nationalism
 * Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire**


 * Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta** (1060-1240)

-first step to democracy- end of Monarch powers - forcing of king john to sign document -Invade England and become rulling class -Control did not last and the Normans move on to the concurring of Ireland -Prosecution of jews -Use methods of violence -goes against Church moral authority -opened ways for future Muslim conquest -Increased anti sentism -Increased European knowledge of Asian world
 * Magna Carta**
 * Norman Conquest**
 * Effects**

-Plague-weakened Europe and the people within -Mongols forced west away from central asian territory hurting agriculture and trade -increase in Ranks by forced conversion -grown to dominate the northern trade route from Europe to Asia
 * Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague** (1240 - 1350)

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Feudalism was a hierarchical system in which a lord or king gives a gift or land to a vassal/knight, in exchange for protection. The people held under this system were mostly serfs who lived on theses lands and fifes who gave service for protection. The Feudalism system. was said to have started upon the Frankish empire either of Roman or Germanic origin. This system helped develop the increase in central states which then increased less local warfare. Many monarchs used this system in hopes of gaining power that extended over kingdoms such as what William the Conqueror tried to accomplish. It was said the the increase in communication (broken isolation) and the power in the hands of so little after the decrease of population (move to city) was the cause of its decline.
 * Feudalism **

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 * Manorialism**
 * Manorialism is a system of political and economical relations between landlords and peasant workers. The Sefs were main sources of agricultural providance within these systems. The Serfs would live on the land and pay debt to their lords for military protection and use of their animals. Although they were considered low within the society, they were hardly considered slaves, due to the fact that they could gain land and have an inheritance. Times were hard during the system seeing as how the agricultural system was declining in production do to the Three-Field system and no sufficient make of technology until the 9th century. The system ironicly worked of of the declines of trade and lack of a political system. **

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**Western Europe**


 * E || * Network expanding contracts along Asia, Europe, and Africa
 * Three-Field system-improved the situation of productivity-One third of soil left to increase nutrients
 * Economic motives begin to coexist with military and Christian ideals
 * Banking's: long-distance trading exchange
 * Expansion!- spread past pot classical boarders
 * start of 11t century
 * income crusade to help exile Muslims
 * Revising of trade by 10th century
 * merchants-spreading of cloth manufacturing and wool and furs ||
 * S || * Serfs- Agricultural workers who received some protection and homes from their landlords in return for profit, whether agriculturally or economically

- treated as slaves although not technically because they had more rights * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Women

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-increasing cultural practices -higher status then of those in Muslim -Important roles in local commence ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Roman empire falls-Middle Ages
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Manorialism (see map)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Church-strong central organization after the fall of Rome
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Feudalism (see map)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Frank Empire:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-established subcontinental empires -William the Conqueror: created Feudalism * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Manga carta (see notes) ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">·Works of Arab rationalists such as Ibn Rushd influence Western philosopher-theologians during the great synthesis of medieval learning.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Improvements in structural engineering and knowledge of Muslim design influenced a new Gothic style that emerge- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**omar** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Christianity = “Unifying factor”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European conversion from polytheistic faiths
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Amalgam- syncretism with those who had belief in magic and the supernatural with the ways of Christianity ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Continuation of the preservation of past wisdoms; Augustine and Latin writers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aristotle a highly regarded figure for his clear exposition of rational thought.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Faith and reason were 2 critical elements to understanding and proving the existance of God.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peter Abelard in Paris wrote of logical contridictions in established doctrines, but his personality and faith kept him attached to Christianity and God.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bernard of Clairvaux succesfully challenged Abelard with the idea of a mystical union with God, and that faith, not reason, define one’s relationship with God.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Knowledge imported from Muslim (Ibn Rushd) and Jewish thinkers inspires an intellectual interest

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Thomas Aquinas, a leading philospoher theologian that expanded the scope of reason in religion to better understand the nature of God.


 * Scholasticism, philosophy that was originally based in schools; demonstrated the a confidence in the logical orderliness of knowledge and a human's ability to learn.-<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**omar** ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moldboard- curved iron plate that helps overturn soil with its slanted shape [[image:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/FVgeFMukk5wWVdEBNTBLQY-DY88Es7-B3qFKLM1XlcBs5pQlRk2WJHeJIbdk_WTgBdzvFHohzl-BNeK3OrsaL-SAOc9cWnIblJTWTZmjDYB-8rBl7g]] ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The Decline of Medieval synthesis**

//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Notes: //

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- War between France and Europe

-Weakness in French monarchy due 100 year war

- Challenging of Feudual lords

- French victory due to Joan of Arc

-Midevial agriculture could not surpass populations

-No new technology

- Coming of famine and plague creating loss of population due to death

-Black death (1348) :

-Social disputes which lasted until 16th century

-growth of professional armies and weaponry such as cannons and gunpowder

-Fortified castles began to rise

- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Aristrocratic** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> confusion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the rise of chivalry (fail?)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">knight warrior combats as sports
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">upper-classes becomes more cultivated similar to the Chinese and Muslim aristocracy

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-shift in balance of church and state
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">church begins to turn to politics than spirituality
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">church weakens due to papacy (?)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Forming of new religious groups

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Women** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- turning of mysitics

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Aquiana’s is writing was said to be herical, hence people began to turn away form the church

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-growing interest in realistic art drawings pulling away church symbols gods, and mideavil artistic standards to human portraits and nature

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**-growing dynamism** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (900 C.E.)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-gain in population, trade, and intellectual atributes

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-universities and Gothic art- western Europe legacies

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-imitations of other regions expressed greatly through expansion

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-divided political rule shared examples from Africa and Japan

**The Dark Ages** · 410 AD- Roman empire falls · Alleric visigoth warrior leads roman attack · The rise of canabolism, for the visigoths blocked any contact of the outside world forcing starvation · Rise of inept empires before even the visigoth attack · External war and impact of disease from trade · Visigoths forced in to rebellon by having to sell their children for food and poor living even thought the visigoths were the militatry · Decay of civilization after Rome decline showing a downward spiral of that monuments and cultuarl figures destroyed Christianity · The Franks convert turning France into a christian nation · Political problem turns into military power · Hope of iternal peace · HOLY WARS in the name of faith

· The ordeal: trial for criminals. Boiling of hot water stick you hand in find the peble at the end and see if your wounds prove you inoccent or not · Eats vs West- complete opposites · Justinian- tride to resorect · Theodora- brought her husband ways to take back country- slaughtered all enemies · Trail of carthanige- · Rise of Rome again · Black plauge- kills half of population -no treatment -killed justinians body and mind -stoped trade shipments starving many

· Europes economic back to the basics of argriculture-isolated · Decrease in populaation of children · Monsstaries-safe hope haven · Beeds work-written history of Europe from the author beed-created more than 250 books · Saint Benadict