Russia+and+China

=pg 684 In-depth A Century of Revolution=

-Rural discontent -Population Growth -Resentment against landowners -Increase in taxes on peasantry -With the rise of Industrial revolutions many peasant workers were pushed out of jobs and traded for manufactures. -The rising cry from lower class for independence with increase in working and living conditions -economic competition and military rivalries -Rise of intellectual climate -Leaders such and Marx Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi push for the dismantle of existing regimes. Invison of aiding the working and peasant social class
 * SUCCESSION OF REVOLUTIONS
 * Reasons for 20th century increase in revolution:

Questions

-Population growth -Rural discontent -Traditional protest -rise of Industrial revolutions -Economic competitions and rivalries bring unnecessary wars 2. Communist theorist Marx, Lenin, Mao: overthrew existing regimes -Built radically new societies that "would bring justice and decent lively hood" to current oppressed social class 3. All sought to reduce Western Economic control and cultural influence
 * 1) Succession of Revolutions

Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism (681-685)
MI: Uprisings continued through out the streets of St. Petersburgh Russia with stress of wartime, political negligence of soviet power, and food shortages stress need for revolution
 * council of workers-Soviet took over government control form Tsar
 * Leaders such as Alexander Kerensky pushed for the genuine rule of parliamentary giving religious freedoms
 * reforms cut back
 * By November another revolution took place in order to replace liberal leaders replacing them with Communist of the Bolsheviks and their leader Lenin
 * Lenin gained great position within the urban workers in major cities using the revolution for his campaign
 * Several immediate problems within power
 * peace treaty with Germany nullified after loss with western
 * Russia not allowed in Versailles peace conference
 * The rise of The People's Commissars led by soviets across the nation at Lenin's command promoting a monopoly
 * Lenin's stop and revolutionary change creates foreign hostility
 * Russian Intervention fail so those of the western powers draw out

Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime
MI: Main source of Communist power through military and using that military they were able to force out the works of parliament and enforce their position
 * Red Army - military strength of Communist Russia
 * New economic Policy - freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners
 * Food production increase
 * With the final works of the Revolution, Russia was finding its way with new constitutions and federal systems Russia finally found its way as the Union of Soviet Social Republic
 * Trade of parliamentary for Supreme soviet
 * Reestablishing of the authoritarian system

Soviet Experimentation
MI: Search for power at the top of the pyramid pushed for experimentation
 * Social class were able to express their environmental concerns in the works of subsidiary organizations. These works extended to women and increased the needs of child education
 * Leadership gap in 1924 when Lenin died creating fight for power
 * Stalin=Steel
 * Joseph Stalin emerges as new soviet leader expressing nationalist reasoning of communism
 * Communist leaders set up a Comintern (Communist international office) to guide movement
 * In trying to dismantle of the western style thinking Stalin campaigned "socialism in one county" in order to strain Russian tradition. Those who opposed were imprisoned or executed and peasant labors and farmers were forced into the collectivization program in order to reduce famine and increase production. However as internal productions began to fall and farmers began to save grain in order to increase production they were sent into camps and killed.
 * The revolution however was one of the most successful risings in human history for at least several decades. They created new bureaucracies with the continuation of tsar foundations and extended the power of the aristocratic class.

Stalinism in the Soviet Union (p698-703)
MI: Goal: Soviets control Soviet endeavor
 * Industrialization under control of the state
 * Stalin back tracks experimental mode

Economic policies
MI: An industrialized form if farming which aided the economy by having to use less mechanics and takes better control and watch of peasants
 * Collective Farming of 1928 (large state run farms than small individual)
 * Famine spread with the killings and deportations of kulaks to Siberia
 * System of five-year plans for industrial development
 * Back track of peter the great policies
 * Soviet union 3rd in industrial power

Toward an industrial Society
MI: Industrial production similar to those in the West
 * Foul work conditions
 * Welfare systems

Totalitarian Rule
MI: Control over intellectual life
 * Socialist realism- dominant school emphasizing heroic idealization
 * Stalin combined his industrialization program with a new intensification of government
 * Secret police (MVB) used to control social class in time of rallied fear of purges
 * new congress committee - Politburo
 * Fear of rise from Hitler, Stalin tries to make contact with west. However with fear that the Soviets were in alliance with the Nazis the Soviets were forced to sign agreement with Hitler in 1939

= Eastern Europe After World War 2: A Soviet Empire =

The Soviet Union as Superpower
(see notebook)

Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847
MI:1985 and the soviet union dismantled by European like reform -forced industrialization = environmental destruction
 * Fall of Soviet economy while fighting U.S.
 * disease rise
 * Rise in infant mortality
 * Industrial stage fall

The Age of Reform
- Renewed early attacks on Stalinist -Replace some of old line party burecrats -Focus more western style -Modified Cold war stance -Semi peace like structure as he ended war in Afghanistan and aimed to reduce focus on Nuclear and fire power -focus of private ownership -decentralized control in industry and agriculture
 * Mikhali Gurbachev
 * Glassnost: open policy to comment and criticize
 * Question of Gurbachev main stability against basic issues
 * Enforced end to isolation to spread economy
 * Perestroika- Economic restructuring
 * New constitution of 1988 giving power to People Duties Party and establishing Communist monopoly on elections
 * Economic Stagnation provoke agitation among nationalities such as Muslims

Dismantling Soviet Empire
MI:In opening elections regions began issuing independence having non communist leadership -Market driven economy
 * Rise of free market economy
 * New Government
 * Major nationality clashes in early 1990's
 * Reverse postwar imperialism

Renewed turmoil in 1990's
MI: Gurbachev democratic decolonization threatened -Used methods of force to bring down Russian parlimetary
 * As Gurbachev power weakened key republics grow stronger
 * Presidency taken over by Boris Yeltsin
 * Soviet union move to common wealth of independent states
 * Rate of economic concern uncertain

Leadership analysis of Lenin

 * Name of Leader:** Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov


 * Lifespan**: Death 1924
 * Title**: Lenin
 * Country/region:** Russia
 * Years in Power** 1917-1924
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power**\
 * Alexander II reforms
 * Social protest -famines
 * Intellectual radicalism to revolution
 * Spread of anarchists
 * Emigration of Jews


 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:**


 * Marxist
 * Proletarian revolution
 * Believed Russian rising would prelude to a sweeping communist upheaval in the Western Industrial world (came true)
 * Tight organization in revolutionary wars under one leader


 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power**
 * Creation of Bolsheviks
 * Shut down parliament
 * Power under urban workers


 * Short-Term effects:**
 * Long-Term Effects**
 * Council of People’s Commissars

Toward Revolution in China (685-689)
MI: As the fall of the Manchu empire in 1912 the strings holding the Qing dynasty from revolutionary change was gone. Political and social life where already extending themselves to Western ideals and soon invaders such as the Japanese bringing in communist movements, internal divisions and foreign influences had already made way.
 * Next source of power after fall going to the military
 * Yuan Shikai most powerful for Manchu thrown
 * Merchants and bankers make up next power source western styled
 * Societal intellectual take part in reforming Chinese civilization in and ideological and political sense

China's May fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
MI: May fourth 1919 was the day when the resistance against Japan began and was lead by intellectuals and students aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy
 * Although many Chinese leaders were opposed to the foreign interference within their country some such as Sun Yat-sen (head of revolutionary alliance) embarrassed the revolution
 * After the fall of the Quing The Revolutionary Alliances believed that it was within their place to take over the thrown. However, with very little support other than those for the coast in total they had no power and elected Sun in 1911 where they followed the ways of European parliament
 * Sun however resigned in favor of northern warlord Yuan Shikai in 1912
 * Yuan was a powerful warlord general said to be the next leader of China seeing as he was the only one able to unite them. However his plans were foiled by continuing rivalries of other warlords and republican nationalists
 * Yuan refuses to do something against the quickly moving Japanese and with the hatred of the Japanese growing forced his resignation in presidency
 * Chinese part of the Entente powers
 * Japan takes over northern park of China
 * They were against Confucianism and spread the works of literature
 * Liberation of women (no more foot binding)
 * Western styled individualism
 * Movement adopted by urban youth
 * Although the movement was greatly taken it however it did little to counterattack forces of the warlords thus pushing them to the decision of a more radical nationalist movement
 * Study of Russian intellectuals such as Marx
 * Li Dazhao most influential thinker in the workings of Marxism to Chinese life
 * Li emphasized on working class in general rather than just urban class such as Lenin
 * Mao Zedong pupil to Li's study circle who shared same feelings and principles for a new political system
 * underground communist party formed

The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang
MI: Guomindang (nationalist party) rival to Communist party
 * Sun tries to unify political party by reorganizing the revolutionary movement and naming it the Nationalist party of China
 * Nationalist party makes alliances with key social groups though power mostly given by business people and merchants of the coast line
 * Nationalist make alliance with Communist party in Nationalist party conference in 1924
 * Whampoa Military Academy founded by the Soviets. Aided Nationalist with military strength. Head of the academy was Chiang Kai-Sheck the son of a merchant
 * Deterioration of the Economy

Mao's China and Beyond
MI: In the fight against Japanese forces Nationalist party begins to fall due to the fear and anger agianst Japanese forces
 * Chiang Kai-shek's anticommunist crusade interrupted by Japan invasion
 * In order to go up against Japanese forces Chaing was forced to make an alliance with communists
 * With Chinese nationalist unable to hold up against Japanese put them in a wrong light highlighting Communists
 * Intellectuals switch off to Communists in determination to defeat Japanese
 * People's Republic of China formed by Mao after Chiang flee to Taiwan
 * Communist reforms to social and economic programs increase the switch to communist party
 * Lin Biao strong commander of Whampoa academy

The Communist Come to Power

 * Political and military organizations powered by party cadres and People's Liberation Army
 * Importance of Army still strong 5 years after war
 * Communists make movement to keep internal hold and unite China under party
 * Collaboration between Soviets and Communist break down
 * Breakdown: Communist refuse to follow Khrushchev and border disputes widen spread
 * Creation of first nuclear

Planning For Economic Growth and Social Justice
MI:New leaders of China aim to complete social revolution in rural areas in order to foucs on industrial rise
 * Disposing of landlord class leading china to become land of peasant small holders
 * Communist turn from peasant farmers to industrialization
 * Mass Line approach in order to stem elitist to a more urban-industrial focus
 * Mao fight against Intellectual class backtracks with a negative effect

The Great Leap Backward
MI: Campaign of self reliance gone wrong as economical and social life rapidly declines
 * Great leap forward (1958): Further effort to revitalize the flagging revolution by restoring its mass, rural base
 * small movements to industrialization by peasant communes
 * emphasis on self reliance
 * Great leap = Great disaster to economic
 * Famine
 * Low birthrates and massive population base
 * Family plan comes into place in order to decrease population and increase environmental status
 * China's productivity fall below 25%
 * The Pragmatists take over leading position consisting of Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, and Deng Xiaoping

"Women Hold up Half of the Heavens"
MI: Women had always found a way into important Revolutionary times of China although never brought into the limelight. Not until the positions of Mao and his wife were they able to lighten the stress of their social submission
 * Jiang Qing, Mao's wife plays a prominent role
 * Mao's women support for the communist movement became important parts of Mao's revolutionary strategy
 * Women active in Taiping rebellion and Boxer Rebellion
 * Campaigns to end female seclusion and open education with career opportunities
 * Nationalist attempts in the 1920's and 30's pushed many into communist camps
 * Good Mother's Day
 * Some women aided extensively to the works of the revolution
 * Legal equality with men
 * Now it came to the point when women were expected not only to work outside but also do all within the home

Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four
MI: Mao tires to launch Cultural Revolution with his position within the Communist Party creating and assault against "Capitalist roarders" in the party
 * Red Guard Student brigades
 * Threat to People's Army forces Mao to end revolutionary campaign in 1968
 * Pragmatists take over once again destroying foundations and people such as Gang of Four
 * Death of Zhou Enlai in 1976
 * Gang of Four arrested
 * Jiang Quing and her group were purged
 * After Mao's death opposing forces takes over
 * Increase in foreign assistance increase social status in ways of working conditions and food however not fixed to the greatest

//Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849
Q/A: Peng believes that these protests are fully becoming out of hand. With each riot the structure and foundations of the regions is continuing to fall leaving all reforms for nothing. And conspiracy is continuing to spread with the incoming of the protesting youths. These attacks are believed to not only be hurting the party but also the social class as a whole. Seeing as how the communist party is also a party of the government he is certain that they are able to meet all parties needs without actually taking them out.
 * June 4th 1989 Chinese troop march on political protesters in anger of communist control and democratic system
 * Document from Li Peng communist party official reasoning governments repression
 * Current situation in capital grim
 * Communist party is being affected by protests and security is failing
 * Social health deteriorating
 * The actions of the protesters of spreading through out and if not taken care of all reforms a sure to backtrack
 * Internal political conspiracy


 * Leader Analysis Sheet**


 * Name of Leader:** Mao Zedong
 * Lifespan: 1893-1967
 * Title:
 * Country/region: China
 * Years in Power: Began to fall towards late 1950’s


 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power**


 * The death of Lenin
 * Collective farms
 * Parliament styled government
 * Japanese invaders
 * defensible civilization
 * Imperialist nation
 * Fall of Quing dynasty
 * May fourth movement?


 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:**
 * Working Marxist ideology
 * Longed for political systems like the Confucian
 * Focus of Peasant class


 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power**
 * The Long March in 1934 to spread attack on the communist rural stronghold
 * Peasant class reforms through labor reforms and educational
 * Fight against elitism
 * Spread of importance of intellectual background
 * Self Reliance
 * Cultural Revolution


 * Short-Term effects:**
 * Great leap forward
 * Mass Line
 * Red Guard


 * Long-Term Effects:**
 * People’s republic of China
 * Women’s rights